Materials Science
What is material?
一个material is defined as a substance (most often a solid, but other condensed phases can be included) that is intended to be used for certain applications. There are a myriad of materials around us – they can be found in anything from buildings to spacecraft.
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- On the basis of chemistry and atomic structure, materials are classified into three general categories:
- 金属(metallic elements),
- Ceramics(compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements),
- Polymers(compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements).
- Real materials are never perfect. Classification ofcrystallographic defects(microscopic defects) is frequently made according to the geometry or dimensionality of the defect.
- Key mechanical design properties are:
- Stiffness. Stiffness is the ability of an object to resist deformation in response to an applied force.
- Strength.Strengthis the ability of a material to resist deformation.
- Hardness. Hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation and scratching.
- 延性. Ductility is the ability of a material to deform under tensile load (% elongation).
- Toughness. Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy (or withstand shock) and plastically deform without fracturing.
- Metalis a material (usually solid) comprising one or moremetallic elements(e.g., iron, aluminium, copper, chromium, titanium, gold, nickel).
- Steelsare iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements. Adding a small amount of non-metalliccarbontoirontrades its great ductility for thegreaterstrength.
- 一个nalloyis a mixture of two or more materials, at least one of which is a metal.一个lloyscan have a microstructure consisting of solid solutions, where secondary atoms are introduced as substitutionals or interstitials in a crystal lattice.
- Non-destructive testing, NDT, is a very broad group of structural or material inspections and as the name implies, these inspections do not destroy the material/structure being examined.
Basis of Materials Science
What are atoms?
The atomsare defined as the smallest constituents of ordinary matter, which can be divided without the release of electrically charged particles. The atoms consist of two parts.一个n atomic nucleusandan electron cloud.
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- The physical world is composed of combinations of varioussubatomic or fundamental particles. These are the smallest building blocks of matter.
- Theatomsconsist of two parts.一个n atomic nucleusandan electron cloud.
- The number of electrons and their arrangement in the electron cloud is responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms.
- Thenuclear properties(atomic mass, nuclear cross-sections) of the element are determined by thenumber of protons(atomic number) andnumber of neutrons(neutron number).
- Nuclear stabilityis a concept that helps to identify the stability of an isotope. To identify the stability of an isotope it is needed to find the ratio of neutrons to protons. To determine the stability of an isotope you can use the ratio neutron/proton (N/Z).
- There are only certain combinations of neutrons and protons, which formsstable nuclei.
- Unstable nucleimust undergonucleardecay(radioactive decay)to stabilize itself, it is a random and natural process.
- The number of atoms in1 mole(e.g. 12 grams of carbon) of a substance is equal to the一个vogadro’s constant, which is equal to6.022 x 1023.
一个bout Materials Properties
Materials scienceand engineering isinterdisciplinarand very important branch of study, which deals with the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids.Materials scienceis one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science and The material of choice of a given era is often a defining point (e.g. Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age). The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy. Sometimes it is useful to subdivide the discipline ofmaterials scienceand engineering intomaterials scienceandmaterials engineeringsubdisciplines. The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.欧宝体育客户端areintensive properties, that means they areindependent of the amountof mass and may vary from place to place within the system at any moment. The basis of materials science involves studying the structure of materials, and relating them to their properties (mechanical, electrical etc.). Once a materials scientist knows about this structure-property correlation, they can then go on to study the relative performance of a material in a given application. The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way in which it has been processed into its final form.
一个bout This Project
Main purpose of this project is tohelp the public to learnsome interesting and important information about chemical elements and many common materials. We realize that the basics in the materials science can help people to understand many common problems. Anyone can be able to come here,learn the basicsofmaterials science,欧宝体育客户端and to compare these properties. Feel free to ask a question, leave feedback or take a look at one of our articles.