About Barium
Barium is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most probable fission fragment masses are around mass 95 (Krypton) and 137 (Barium).
Summary
Element | Barium |
Atomic number | 56 |
Element category | Alkaline Earth Metal |
Phase at STP | Solid |
Density | 3.51 g/cm3 |
Ultimate Tensile Strength | N/A |
Yield Strength | N/A |
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity | 13 GPa |
Mohs Scale | 1.25 |
Brinell Hardness | N/A |
Vickers Hardness | N/A |
Melting Point | 725°C |
Boiling Point | 1845 °C |
Thermal Conductivity | 18 W/mK |
Thermal Expansion Coefficient | 20.6 µm/mK |
Specific Heat | 0.204 J/g K |
Heat of Fusion | 7.75 kJ/mol |
Heat of Vaporization | 142 kJ/mol |
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] | 332 |
Magnetic Susceptibility | +20.6e-6 cm^3/mol |
Applications of Barium
Barium is not an extensively used element. Most is used in drilling fluids for oil and gas wells. It is also used in paint and in glassmaking. Barium is also a key element in the production of ceramic superconductors. Lanthanum barium copper oxide, or LBCO, was discovered in 1986 and was the first high temperature superconductor.
Production and Price of Barium
Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Barium were at around 550 $/kg.
The primary commercial source of barium is baryte (also called barytes or heavy spar), a barium sulfate mineral with deposits in many parts of the world. Another commercial source, far less important than baryte, is witherite, barium carbonate.
Source: www.luciteria.com
Mechanical Properties of Barium
Strength of Barium
In mechanics of materials, thestrength of a materialis its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation.Strength of materialsbasically considers the relationship between theexternal loadsapplied to a material and the resultingdeformation或材料尺寸的变化。在设计structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.Strength of a materialis its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.
For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.
See also:Strength of Materials
Ultimate Tensile Strength of Barium
Ultimate tensile strength of Barium is N/A.
Yield Strength of Barium
Yield strength of Bariumis N/A.
Modulus of Elasticity of Barium
The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Barium is N/A.
Hardness of Barium
In materials science,hardnessis the ability to withstandsurface indentation(localized plastic deformation) andscratching.Brinell hardness testis one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard,spherical indenteris forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.
Brinell hardness of Barium is approximately N/A.
TheVickers hardness testmethod was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. TheVickers hardness test methodcan be also used as amicrohardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.
Vickers hardness of Barium is approximately N/A.
Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test isMohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. TheMohs scale of mineral hardnessis based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.
Barium is has a hardness of approximately 1.25.
See also:Hardness of Materials
Barium – Crystal Structure
A possible crystal structure ofBariumisbody-centered cubicstructure.
In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.
See also:Crystal Structure of Materials
Crystal Structure of Barium
![Crystal Structure of Barium is: body-centered cubic](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22300%22%20height%3D%22300%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
Thermal Properties of Barium
Barium – Melting Point and Boiling Point
Melting point of Barium is725°C.
Boiling point of Barium is1845°C.
Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.
Barium – Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity ofBariumis18W/(m·K).
The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called thethermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured inW/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material byconduction. Note thatFourier’s lawapplies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Barium
Linear thermal expansion coefficient ofBariumis20.6µm/(m·K)
Thermal expansionis generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.
Barium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization
Specific heat of Barium is0.204 J/g K.
Heat capacityis an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system.Heat capacity Chas the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, theheat capacityis divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.
Latent Heat of Fusion of Barium is7.75 kJ/mol.
Latent Heat of Vaporization of Barium is142 kJ/mol.
Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (thepΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.
Melting Point of Elements
Thermal Conductivity of Elements
Heat Capacity of Elements
Heat of Fusion of Elements
Barium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility
Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.
See also:Electrical Properties
Magnetic property指的是反应的物质applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between anexternal magnetic fieldand themagnetic dipole momentsof the constituentatoms. Differentmaterials reactto the application of magnetic fielddifferently.
See also:Magnetic Properties
Electrical Resistivity of Barium
Electrical resistivity of Barium is332 nΩ⋅m.
Electrical conductivityand its converse,electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Barium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.
Magnetic Susceptibility of Barium
Magnetic susceptibility of Barium is+20.6e-6 cm^3/mol.
In electromagnetism,magnetic susceptibilityis the measure of the magnetization of a substance.Magnetic susceptibilityis a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Barium in response to an applied magnetic field.